Kubika German Bread

Apo munhu anotanga kutanga kubika chingwa, vanofara kuti vawane chigadzirwa chinodyiwa. Gare gare muchingwa chavo chokugadzira basa, vanoda kubika chingwa sezvavanenge vachiita mubheka. Uye kana vakambova kuEurope, ivo vanoda chaizvo kukwanisa kudhinda European style style.

Baking European Style Bread

Kuwedzera kwekudya kwekuYurope chikafu kwagara kuchioma kune mubiki wekumba, asi sezvo ruzivo rwekugadzira mhizha uye unyanzvi hunova hunowanika paIndaneti uye mune mabhuku anokwidziwa kubika, zvishandiso uye zvigadzirwa zvave zvichinyanya kuwanikwa.

Nemuenzaniso, panzvimbo yezvipfeko zvitatu zvakasiyana zvakasiyana muchitoro (mutsvuku, gorosi uye keke), isu iye zvino tine zvakawanda zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa. Inroads yakave yakaitwawo pakugadzirisa zvikwereti mumoto wevheni uye kuwedzera pasi vapeki 'mazano kuti vashande mumamiriro emhuri.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kutevera chikwata cheGermany kana cheEurope, zvikurukuru mumutauro wepakutanga, chinokonzera matambudziko. Chimwe chezvipingamupinyi chikuru zvekudzosa chingwa chinodyiwa muEurope ndiko kwaungawana zvigadzirwa zvakafanana zvikuru nezvakakosha.

Kubudirira kwakadini Milling

Nheyo, somuenzaniso, inoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichienderana nokuti yakakura sei, kuti yakange yakaita sei uye yakarapwa uye kunyange mumamiriro ekunze munguva yekukura. Mishonga yemafuta inofunga izvi painobudisa chigadzirwa chayo, asi kunyatsosanganiswa kwegorosi uye nzira dzekugadzira uye mamiriro ezvinhu achiri kuwanzoonekwa sevanokurumbira. Ndicho chikonzero, apo iwe ungakwanisa kushandisa chero upi hwehupi hunogadziriswa huripo, iwe uchazadzisa zvibereko zvakanakisisa kana iwe ukashandisa mararamiro mamwechete uye rudzi rwefurawa inonzi mu recipe kana nemubiki.

Kune mazana emhando dzegorosi izvo zvinoshandiswa kuita upfu. Zvinowanzorongwa nenguva yekudyara (nguva yechando kana chitubu) uye kana iri yakakwirira kana yakadzika mapuroteni (akaoma-high protein kana kuti soft-low-protein), iyo inoratidza mavhesi akaenzana.

Mhepo yakachena yakasvibiswa kubva pamakwenzi akaoma uye akaoma egorosi ayo akaparadzaniswa kuva nzizi kuburikidza nekuchera.

Nzizi dzinodzokororwa kuti dzigadzire kupisa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Siping yekutanga inobvisa zvakawanda zvebhanhire nemagirisi uye inosiya "hupfu hwakatsetseka" kana "100% yeupfu hweupfu". Middlings inobviswa uye inoshandiswa kunyanya kudyidzana kwemhuka, asi inogona kuwedzerwa zvakare mune imwe nguva kuti ibudirire mugadzirwa wose wegorosi.

Zvose zviyo zvegorosi zvinowanzoitwa nekugadzirisa nzizi dzakasiyana-siyana dzeupfu uye kuwedzera zvakare kusvibiswa uye bhuvhu rakavhurika uye mishonga. Izvi zvinowedzera hupenyu hwetabhenakeri uye zvinoguma mune chigadzirwa chakafanana. Vamwe vanhu vanoda kufudza gorosi ravo uye rye kamwe vasati vabika uye kusina kupeta kunoitika. Ufu hwakanaka uye hunofananidzwa zvakasiyana nekupfuwa kwakakura. Inofungidzirwa kuva yakakosha.

• Verenga zvakadzama tsanangudzo yefuremu milling neNorth America Millers 'Association.
• Tarisa vhidhiyo pfupi (miniti 10) yefurafura yefurawa ichikuratidza matanho akasiyana-siyana mukugadzirwa kwekugaya.
• Verenga imwe nyaya pamusoro penyaya yekugadzira.
• Iyi vhidhiyo inoratidza nzira yekushandiswa kwematombo anoshandiswa nemaoko (rotary quern).

Pfufura yakanatswa inoshandiswa mu "pfufura yepentent" (yakakwirira yakachena yeupfu), ichisiya "yekutanga furawa yakachena", iyo ine zvimwe zvigadziri gorosi uye bran uye ine girasi muvara kupfuura hupfu hwepatent.

Mazana ehova anokwanisa kuwanikwa kubva kune imwe yega yekugadzira uye ozobatanidzwa kuti aumbe maruva anodiwa ekugadzirira zvigadzirwa uye nzvimbo dzenharaunda. Zvimwe zviyo zvefurawa zvinogadzira upfu hwakafanana kana uchitengwa munyika yose. Zvinhu zvakadai saMambo Arthur Flour neGold Medal Flour zviri zviviri. Zvimwe marongerwo anonyanya kuwanikwa uye anogadzirwa nemafuta ekubikwa munzvimbo iyo mupfungwa. Munyika yekumaodzanyemba kweUnited States, somuenzaniso, hupfu hwepanyika inogona kunge yakaderera pasi peprotekine yakanaka kune mabhisikiti nekeke.

Mhando dzeHuri

Pastry uye mapfupa emakeke anozivikanwa neeprotheni yakasviba (low gluten) inoguma nekunyanya kunamatwa kunokonzerwa nemakeke, pie crusts nama biscuits. Izvi zvinenge zvakafanana kana zvakaenzana neGermany 405 furawa, chiFrench 40 ugofu neItaly 00 ufa.

Hupfu hwechinangwa-zvose hunogona kuitwa kuti uite chingwa chakachena uye hwakanaka mukeke.

Izvo zvakaenzana ndiGermany 550, French 55 neItaly 0 mafiritsi. Iyi inofungidzira sezvo kusiyana kwakakura kuripo pakati pokuti pasi hwakapfurikidza hupfu hwakadini uye "mutsva" kana kuumbwa kwegafura imwe neimwe kubva kune mishonga yakasiyana. Zvakanakisisa kuedza zvakasiyana-siyana mumutsara wakafanana uye unoramba uchitenga iyo inokupa mhinduro dzakanakisisa.

Hupfeni yakakosha kana upfu hwechingwa upfu hwakachena neuprotheni yakagadzikana, yakashandiswa kuwedzera kukwira mumuchena uye yakakanganiswa upfu hwechingwa. Izvo zvakaenzana inofungidzirwa kuva yeGermany 812 furawa, chiFrench 80 furawa, uye Italia 1 furawa.

Rye Rinowedzera Bread

Germany ndeimwe yenyika shomanana inoshandisa hupfu hwegorosi zvikuru. Rye yakatorwa kubva kuAsia munguva yekutanga uye yakakurukurwa zvikuru munguva dzeMiddle Ages sechingwa chechingwa uye chekudhakwa kwewaini. Iyo inokura muvhu rakaipa, ine jecha uye pasi pemhepo yakasanganiswa, apo gorosi inokura zvakanakisisa munzvimbo inotonhora yakaoma, naizvozvo pasinei nezvibereko zvakashata pane gorosi, yaiva yezviyo zvasarudzo munzvimbo dzakaoma.

Iko kune kumwe kufungidzira kuti rye yakawira kunze kwenyasha muFrance neItaly seupfu hwegorosi yakawedzera kuwanikwa nekuda kwekupararira kwe ergot ( Claviceps purpurea , fungus) muzviyo zvake . Kunyange zvazvo kukanganisa kunogona kutapira gorosi nemamwe zviyo zvezviyo , zvinosarudza rye semuiti. Iko inokura zvakare pasi pemamiriro epozha uye anonaya, apo gorosi hazviiti. Apo zviyo zvine hutachiwana hwehutachiona uye husina kucheneswa vasati vakuya muupfu, vanhu, uye zvipfuwo zvinogona kuve nechepfu uye kunyange kufa (zvimwe pane zvakaitika kare).

Germany, Poland, uye dzimwe nyika dzeEast Europe dzakatsigira mbeu yegorosi kuti iwedzere mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka uye zviyero zvakatorwa kuderedza kana kubvisa fungus kubva kuzviyo. Miitiro inosanganisira kuchenesa mbeu nekushandisa fungicides yakasiyana-siyana.

Huru yehupfu yechingwa inoshandiswa uye inopedzwa nekuda kwetsika, kuravira uye nokuti rye ine zvakawanda zvehutano zvakabatsirwa. Muna 2010, vatsvakurudzi veLund, Sweden vakabudisa tsvakurudzo inoratidza kuti kunyange gorosi yegorosi (isina bran) yakanaka kune yehuga yega yega.

Iyo branhine inewo inokosha minerals nemavithamini.

Rye Flour Chemistry

Huru yehushoni inogona kunge yakanyangadza kushanda pamwe nokuti shuga (gluidhydrates) inonzi pentoses (xylose, arabinose) inopedza kukwanisa kweprotini ye gluten kugadzira nzvimbo dzakadzika, dzisina kubatsira dzinobata gasi muchingwa, asi ivo pachavo vane mhosva yekuchera mvura uye kuvaka the crumb "scaffold". Zvokudya muupfu zvinobatsira kuburitsa uku pamwe pamwe nekugadzira chingwa chisingazungunuki.

Zvisinei, sezvo izvi zvinyoro zvinogona kudurwa muzvikamu zviduku zvakawanda neAlpha-amylases (rudzi rwe enzyme) iyo inogona kuderedza kukwanisa kwavo kubatana nemapentoses, pasi pH inoshandiswa (sourdough) kuvhara amylase. (Onawo izvi mu "Sauerteig".)

Zvose izvi zvinoshandiswa zvinokonzera kuti chingwa chegorosi chinopisa kupfuura chegorosi chingwa. Kazhinji, rye rinoshandiswa pamwe chete neupfu hwegorosi kuita izvo maGerman anodana "Mischbrot".

Ash Content and Extraction Rate

Nhamba dzemuGermany pfupaji dzinomiririra milligrams yemadota yakasara pamagiramu 100 gorosi inopisa mumoto wehuni pa 900 ° C. Izvo zvakasvibirira mumarara, iyo yakawanda yegorosi inosara muupfu uye inowedzera kuwedzera upfu hwegorosi. Iyo yehutu yakagadziriswa yakabatana asi haitauri zvakakwana kudhindwa kwezinga. Makambani mazhinji eUnited States anoramba kupa iyi nhamba (Gold Medal Flour, email yekutaurirana) asi anovimbisa chigadzirwa chisingachinji pane nguva.

• Zvimwe pamusoro pehuni zviripo pano.

Dhigiriro rekuwedzera rinotsanangura chiyero chekuparadzanisa kwebhanhire kubva ku endosperm uye inoyerwa muzana. Izvo zvikamu zana kubva muzana kubva muzana kana kuti yakananga kushandiswa kwekurawa hazvisi zvakafanana neupfu hwehuyo hwakakwana. Ndiyo kuparadzaniswa kwokutanga kwe endosperm kubva kune rimwe rema bran uye germ. Munenge makirogiramu makumi maviri nemaviri ehupfu hwakatsetseka runowanikwa kubva pamapiro zana egorosi. Zvose zviri middlings, iyo inodyidzwa kumhuka kana regreg yezvigadzirwa zvegorosi.

Izvo zvakaderera chiyero chekuwedzera kwepakati, iyo inoita upfu hweupfu. Zvose zvekuwedzera kwehuwandu uye ivhu rinobatsira mubhizimisi wezvokudya anogadzirisa kuti mvura yakawanda, mbiriso, nguva uye zvimwe zvigadziriswa zvinoshandiswa neupfu kuti zvibudirire mugumo wakagadzirwa. Kana vari vabiki vekumba, tinofanira kutarisana nemuedzo uye kukanganisa uye tifungidzira kuti furasi yefurawa ichaita kuti chigadzirwa chacho chive chakafanana, kubva pakutengesa kusvika kucheka.

Yakasvibiswa uye Yakagadziridzwa Miti

Mvura ine carotenoids iyo yakatsvuka. Kuchengetedza kunoita kuti upfu uve chena. Iyo inogadzirisawo upfu hweupfu, iyo inobatsira mukukura kwe gluten. Izvi zvinoguma mune chigadzirwa chefriffier chakabikwa. Kukura kwevashandi kunowedzerawo kuwedzera kukura kweguten. Izvi zvaizoitika pachako pachazvo, asi kuwedzera izvi vashandi vanofambira mberi.

Kuburikidza nekudzivirira mabhuku uye kukura pamwe chete nekubviswa kwebhanhire uye majeremusi, mavitamini akawanda anorasika. Izvo zvikamu zvishoma zvinotsiviwa nekuwedzera hupfu hwakanyanya ne B mavitamini nesimbi. Calcium dzimwe nguva inowedzerwa zvakare (ona FDA mirau pano).

Tsanangudzo ye "Mischbrot"

"Mischbrot" (iyo yakavhenganiswa chingwa chakavhenganiswa) inonziwo "Graubrot" (grey chingwa) kumaodzanyemba kweGermany kana "Schwarzbrot" muAustria neSwitzerland. Inotsanangurwa sechingwa chakagadzirwa nevhu rakaoma kana mbiriso uye musanganiswa wegorosi nemafuta ake. Mazhinji, kana zvisingawani, chingwa muGermany ndezve "Mischbrote".

• "Roggenmischbrot", kana rye yakakanganiswa chingwa, ine uremu hwekudya hwai-51%.
• "Weizenmischbrot", kana kuti gorosi yakasanganiswa chingwa, ine 51 - 89% yeupfu wegorosi.
• "Mischbrot", kana chingwa chakavhenganiswa, inenge 50 - 50% kusanganiswa kwegorosi nemafuta.

Sezvo chiyero chefuragi yega yega muchingwa ichiwedzerwa, nguva refu chingwa chinoramba chiri chitsva uye chinowedzera iyo inonaka ye rye. Iyo yakawanda yeupfu hwegorosi, iyo yakasimudza chingwa inomuka uye "yakaoma" iyo inofarira.

Iko kunewo chingwa chinonzi rajeu chinonzi popular pumpernickel, icho chaiva West Specialty Phalian (Osnabruck nekupoteredza nzvimbo). Inoumbwa nemakwenzi ebriji akavharidzirwa uye akazara ayo akavharwa usiku husiku mumvura inopisa, ndokusungirirwa muvhu rakavharwa uye inotapira maawa 16 - 24. Kubudirira kwemazuva ano kwakaderedza nguva iyi kusvika maawa gumi nemaviri nekuwedzera mbiriso kana muswagwa kune musanganiswa kuitira kuti kupisa kupinde kuburikidza nehutu hwakaoma kuburikidza nekukwira. Beet syrup inowanzowedzerwawo, asi kunakidza uye kunhuhwirira kunobva ku caramelization uye Maillard kuita panguva yekubika. Inogona kuchengetwa kwemwedzi inoverengeka kwemakore anoverengeka uye yakashandiswa muMiddle Ages semari inokurumidza kuwanikwa.

Table of Rye Mhando dzeMarudzi uye Europe yekuwedzerwa

• The Fresh Loaf
• King Arthur Flour
• The Artisan
• Bread Bakers Guild of America
• Nheyo uye Zvokudya Zvokudya kubva kuEstoric Mills
• Kupenya Kwekutsva uye Kuchengeta
• Mifananidzo yeUshington Milling Machines
• North America Millers 'Association
• Bob's Red Mill