United States Kurambidzwa Doro

Kurambidzwa kwedoro muUnited States kwakagara kwemakore gumi nemakumi matatu nema1920 uye makumi matatu. Icho chimwe chezvakakurumbira-kana zvisingatauriki-nguva munguva yemazuva eAmerica yekare. Kunyange zvazvo chinangwa chacho chaiva kuderedza kushandiswa kwedoro doro nekubvisa mabhizimisi akagadzirwa, akagovera uye akaitengesa, chirongwa chacho chakadzorerwa.

Inofungidzirwa nevakawanda sekukundikana kwevanhu uye zvematongerwe enyika, nguva yakachinja nzira iyo vazhinji veAmerica vaiona doro .

Yakagadziridzawo kuziva kuti hurumende yehurumende yekutonga haigoni kutora nguva yekutonga.

Tinoshamwaridzana nenguva yekudzivisa nemagandanyama, bootleggers, speakeasies, rum-runners, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ehutano hwakanyanya pamusoro pekugara kwevanhu veAmerica. Nguva yacho yakatanga muna 1920 pamwe nekugamuchirwa kwevanhu vakawanda. Yakaguma muna 1933 semugumisiro wekushungurudzika kwevanhu nemutemo uye kuwedzera kwekumanikidzika kwemasikati.

Chibvumirano chakaiswa pasi pe 18th Amendment kuSouth Constitution. Kusvikira zuva ranhasi, ndiyo chete gwaro rekushandurwa kwebumbiro remitemo rinofanira kubviswa nemumwe mushure memuganhu we 21st Amendment.

The Temperance Movement

Kutsika kwemafambiro kwave kushanda kwenguva refu mune zvematongerwo enyika eAmerica, kukurudzira kuzvidzivirira kubva kunwa doro. Sangano rakatanga kurongeka muma1840 nemachechi ezvitendero, kunyanya maMethodisti.

Uyu mushandirapamwe wakatanga wakasimba uye wakaita huwandu hwekufambira mberi muma1850s asi wakarasikirwa nesimba zvishoma pashure pacho.

Sangano "rakaoma" rakaona rumutsiriro muma1880 nekuda kwekuwedzera kukwidza kweMukadzi's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU, yakagadzwa 1874) uye Prohibition Party (yakagadzirwa 1869).

Muna 1893, Sangano reAnti-Saloon rakasimbiswa uye aya mapoka matatu ane simba ndiwo mavamiriri makuru ekupedzisira kwe 18th Amendment kusvika kuUnited States Constitution iyo inorambidza doro rakawanda.

Chimwe chezvinyorwa zvinoshamisa kubva panguva ino yekutanga ndeyeCarrie Nation. Muvambi wechitsauko cheWCTU, Rudzi rwakaendeswa kuvhara zviyo muKansas. Mukadzi akareba, mukadzi akashati aizivikanwa kuti ane shungu, kazhinji achikanda zvidhinha mukati memaoko. Pane imwe nguva muTopeka, iye akashandisa nharo, iyo yaizova yake kusayina zvombo. Rudzi rwaisazoona Kuzvidzivirira pachake sezvaakafa muna 1911.

The Prohibition Party

Iyo inozivikanwawo seDry Party, iyo Prohibition Party yakaumbwa muna 1869 yevanhu veAmerica vezvematongerwe enyika vakange vachida kurambidza doro munyika. Sangano raidavira kuti kudziviswa hakukwanisi kuwanikwa kana kuchengetwa pasi peutungamiri veDemocratic or Republican parties.

Vakatsvaga vakatsvaga vakamhanyira kunzvimbo dzemunharaunda, yehurumende uye yenyika uye simba remukati rakapinda muna 1884. Mukusarudzwa kwehurumende kwema1888 ne1892, Prohibition Party yakabata 2 muzana yevhoti yakakurumbira.

Sangano reAnti-Saloon

Sangano reAnti-Saloon rakaumbwa muna 1893 muA Oberlin, Ohio.

Yakatanga sesangano rehurumende raive richida kurambidzwa. Pakazosvika 1895 yakanga yava simba guru muUnited States.

Sezvo sangano risina chikamu chine zvibvumirano kune vanorambidza nyika yose, Sangano reAnti-Saloon rakazivisa mushandirapamwe wekurambidza doro munyika yose. Sangano racho rakashandisa kusada kwevanhu vanoremekedzwa nevanhu vanoremekedzwa uye mapoka akachengetedza akadai seWCTU kuti apise moto kuti uvhiringidzire.

Muna 1916, sangano raibatsira pakusarudza vatsigiri kune dzimba mbiri dzeCongress. Izvi zvaizovapa zvikamu zviviri kubva kune zvitatu zvaidiwa kupfuura izvo zvaizova 18th Amendment.

Kurambidzwa Kwemunharaunda Kunotanga

Mushure mekutendeuka kwezana remakore, zvinotaura uye nematare mukati meUnited States zvakatanga kudarika mitemo yekunyoresa doro. Yakawanda yemitemo yepakutanga yakanga iri kumaruwa eSouth uye yakakonzerwa nekuzvidya mwoyo pamusoro pemafambiro evaya vanonwa pamwe chete netsika yevamwe vanhu vari kukura munyika, zvikurukuru vekuEurope vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika.

Hondo Yenyika I yakawedzera mafuta kune moto wakaoma. Kutenda kwakapararira kuti mabhizimisi ekuchera uye akachera zviyo akanga ari kushandura zviyo zvinokosha, mashiri, uye basa kubva mukugadzira nguva yehondo. Bheri yakatora yakaipisisa nemhaka yekurwisana neGerman. Mazita akaita saPabst, Schlitz, uye Blatz vakayeuchidza vanhu vomuvengi maAmerica mauto ari kurwisana nechokumahombekombe.

Zvizhinji zveSaloons

Dhizimusi yezvinodhaka chairo chakanga ichiunza kuparara kwayo uye ichiita moto wevadzivisi. Nguva pfupi isati yasvika kwemazana emakore, indasitiri yebhiramu yakaona bhoom. Technology yepamusoro yakabatsira kuwedzera kugoverwa uye yakapa doro inotonhorera kuburikidza nefriji yakashandiswa. Pabst, Anheuser-Busch, nevamwe vakagadziriswa vakatsvaga kuwedzera misika yavo kuburikidza nekuputika kweAmerican cityscape nemagetsi.

Kutengesa doro uye whiskey negirazi, kusiyana nehombodo, kuwedzera mari. Makambani akabata pfungwa iyi kuburikidza nekutangira mazvigaro zvavo uye kubhadhara saloonkeepers kudura chete doro ravo. Vakapawo chirango chekuchengetedza vasingabatsiri kuburikidza nekupa bartenders avo vakagadziriswa nzvimbo yavo pachavo pedo. Zvechokwadi, vaitengesa brand ya brewer chete.

Uyu mutsara wekufunga wakanga usiri wekutonga kuti pane imwe nguva pakanga pane imwe saloon kune vanhu 150 kusvika 200 (kusanganisira vasina vasiri). Izvo zvivako "zvisingaremekedzi" zvaive zvisingasviki uye kukwikwidzana kwevatengi kwaikura. VaSaloonkeepers vanoedza kutengesa vashandi, zvikurukuru varume vaduku, nekupa mabiko ekusununguka, kubhejera, kufara, kufeva, uye mamwe mabasa "ekunyadzisa" nemabasa mumasangano avo.

The 18th Amendment uye Volstead Act

I 18th Amendment kumutemo weUnited States yakagamuchirwa nemasangano makumi matatu nemakumi matatu nematanhatu musi waJanuary 16, 1919. Yakatanga kushanda gore rimwe gare gare, kutanga nguva yekudzivisa.

Chikamu chokutanga chechigadziro chinoti: "Mushure megore rimwe kubva pakubvumirana kwechikamu ichi kuumba, kutengesa, kana kutakura doro rinodhaka mukati, kutengeswa kwaro mukati, kana kutengeswa kwayo kubva kuUnited States uye nharaunda yose iri pasi pesimba iyo yezviyo zvinodhaka zvinorambidzwa ".

Chaizvoizvo, 18th Amendment akatora mabhizimisi emabhizimisi kure nemhando dzose dzewaini, distiller, vintner, avoaler, uye mutengesi wezvinwiwa munyika. Yakanga iri kuedza kugadzirisa chikamu "chisingabvumi" chevanhu.

Mwedzi mitatu isati yatanga kuitika, Mutemo weVolstead-unozivikanwa seNational Prohibition Act wa1919-wakapfuura. Yakapa simba kune "Commissioner of Internal Revenue, vatsigiri vake, vamiririri, uye vaongorori" kuti vashandise 18th Amendment.

Kunyange zvazvo zvakanga zvisiri pamutemo kugadzira kana kuparadzira "doro, waini, kana zvimwe zvinokonzera zvinodhaka kana zvinodhaka zvewaini", zvakanga zvisingabvumirwi nemutemo kuti tive nazvo kuti tishandise pachedu. Urongwa uhwu hwakabvumira vanhu veAmerica kuti vave nedoro mumisha yavo uye vaidye nemhuri nemhuri nevashanyi chero bedzi yaigara mukati uye isina kugoverwa, kutengesa, kana kutopiwa kune ani kunze kwemusha.

Mishonga yemishonga uye Sacramental

Chimwe chigadziro chinonakidza cheParamende ndechokuti doro raivepo kuburikidza nemurairo wechiremba. Kwemazana emakore, doro rakanga rave rakashandiswa pamishonga yemishonga. Ichokwadi, mazhinji equequeurs isu tinoziva nhasi akatanga kuve sehutano hwezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana.

Muna 1916, whiskey uye brandy vakabviswa kubva ku "The Pharmacopeia yeUnited States of America." Gore rakatevera, American Medical Association yakataura kuti doro "rinoshandiswa mukurapa sezvinonzi tonic kana kukurudzira kana kuti kudya hakune kukosha kwesayenzi" uye yakabvumira kutsigira Prohibition.

Pasinei neizvi, kutenda kwakagadzirwa kuti doro rinogona kurapa uye kudzivirira zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakunda. Panguva yekurambidzwa, vanachiremba vakange vachikwanisa kupa zvinodhaka kune varwere pane imwe nzira yakagadzirirwa yehurumende yepamutemo iyo inogona kuzadzwa pane chero mapeji. Apo mishonga yemishonga yehusha yaiva yakaderera, hurumende yaizowedzera michina yayo.

Sezvo munhu angatarisira, nhamba yezvinyorwa zvedoro zvakasimudzwa. Chinhu chakakura chezvinhu zvakasarudzwa zvakasarudzwa zvakare kubva kune zvaida kunzi ne bootleggers nevanhu vakaora.

Machechi uye vafundisi vakanga vane urongwa zvakare. Izvo zvakavabvumira kugamuchira waini ye sacramente uye izvi zvakare zvakaita kuti uori. Kune dzakawanda nhoroondo dzevanhu vanozvivimbisa sevashumiri uye vaRabhi kuitira kuti vawane uye vaparadzire zviyero zvakakura zveva sakramente waini.

Chinangwa Chokudzivisa

Pakarepo mushure mokunge 18th Amendment yakatanga kushanda kwaive nekuderera kunoshamisa kudhakwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti vazhinji vatsigiri vave netariro yokuti "Ongororo Yakanaka" yaizobudirira.

Mukutanga kwema1920, kushandiswa kwemadhora kwaive ne30 muzana pasi kudarika kwaive isati yaitwa Prohibition. Sezvo makore gumi akaenderera mberi, kushandiswa kwepamutemo kwepamutemo kwakawedzera uye chizvarwa chitsva chakatanga kusazvidza murairo nekuramba mafungiro ekuzvipira. Vamwe veAmerica zvakare vakagadzirisa zvakare.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, Kurairirwa kwaive kubudirira kana chete nokuda kwekuti zvakatora makore mushure mokubviswa zvisati zvaitika kushandiswa kwemitengo kwakasvika kune yekutanga Kutambidzwa.

Vatsigiri veKurambidzwa vaifunga kuti kana mabhizimisi ekudhakwa akadzingwa, kushandurudza masangano nemachechi zvaigona kukanganisa vanhu veAmerica kuti varege kunwa. Vakatenda zvakare kuti "vatengesi vezvinodhaka" havangarwisi mutemo mutsva uye zvinyorwa zvingakurumidza kupera.

Paiva nezvikoro zviviri zvepfungwa pakati pevanorambidza. Rimwe boka raitarisira kugadzira mapurogiramu ezvidzidzo uye rakatenda kuti mumakore makumi matatu emamerica yaizova nyika isina kunwa. Zvisinei, havana kumbobvuma kutsigirwa kwavakanga vachitsvaga.

Rimwe boka raida kuona kushanda nesimba kwakange kuchida kubvisa zvose zvinodhaka. Iri boka rakanyadziswa zvakare sezvo kutevedzwa kwemitemo kwakange kusingagoni kuwana rubatsiro rwavaida kubva kuhurumende kuti vashandise purogiramu yose.

Icho chaiva kudengenyeka, shure kwezvose, uye mari yainge isiripo. Nevashandi 1 500 chete munyika yose, vaisagona kukwikwidzana ne makumi ezviuru zvevanhu avo vaida kunwa kana kuti vaida kubatsirwe kune vamwe vanonwa.

Kupandukira Kurwisana

Ichinhu chitsva chevaAmerica kuwana zvavanoda zvinoratidzwa muhuchenjeri hunoshandiswa kuwana doro panguva yekuraira. Iyi nguva yakaona kusimudzika kwepakeasy, home distiller, bootlegger, rum-runner, uye dzakawanda zvenhema dzechigamba dzakabatana nayo.

Kubva kwaMonhineine

Vazhinji vekumaruwa eMamerica vakatanga kugadzira hove yavo, "pedo newaini," uye chibage whiskey . Zvimwe zvakabuda munyika yose uye vanhu vakawanda vakaita zvirwere munguva yekudzvinyirirwa nekupa vavakidzani vane mwedzi.

Makomo emaApalachian mazita anozivikanwa nokuda kwemasikati. Kunyangwe zvaive zvakanaka zvakakwana zvokunwa, midzimu yakabuda kubva kune iyo yakagadzikana yaiwanzosimba kupfuura chero chipi zvacho chaigona kutengwa kusati kwasvibiswa.

Nguva yemwedzi yaiwanzoshandiswa kupisa motokari uye madori akatakura zvinodhaka zvisina kutenderwa kuparadzira pfungwa. Mapurisa anotsvaga kutengesa aya ave akaenzana zvakafanana (mavambo eNASCAR). Nezvose zvinyorwa zvinotapira zvinyuchi uye vanochera vachiedza ruoko rwavo pamhizha, kune dzakawanda nyaya dzezvinhu zvisinganzwisisiki: zvichiri kuputika, zvitsva zvinoputira bheri, uye doro rinotyisa.

Mazuva eRumurunners

Rum-run uyewo yakaona rumutsiriro uye yakava yeruzhinji rwakawanda muSouth Liquor yakapindwa muchivande mumakadhi engoro, matori, uye zvikepe zveMexico, Europe, Canada, uye Caribbean.

Izwi rokuti "The Real McCoy" rakabuda panguva ino. Zvinonzi kuna Captain William S. McCoy uyo akafambisa chikamu chakakura cheRum-kubva kune zvikepe munguva yeChirambidzwa. Akange asingambodiri mvura inotengeswa, achiita kuti ave "chaiye" chinhu.

McCoy, asiri wekumwa, pachake akatanga kutamba rum kubva kuCaribbean kusvika kuFlorida nguva pfupi Mushure mekunge Prohibition yatanga. Mumwe anosangana neCôte Guard nguva pfupi pashure pacho akarega McCoy kuti apedzise kumhanya kwake. Inyanzvi yeMcCoy yakagadzira rutivi rwezvikepe zviduku zvinosangana nechikepe chake kunze kwemvura yeUnited States uye kutakura nhumbi dzake munyika.

Tenga "Rumrunners: A Prohibition Scrapbook" kuAmazon

Shh! It's a Speakeasy

Speakeasies akanga ari pasi pevhu rakashanda zvakangwara raishandira vatengi voro. Vanowanzosanganisira kushanda kwekudya, mararamiro anorarama, uye zviratidzo. Izwi rokuti speakeasy rinonzi rakatanga makore makumi matatu pamberi peProhibition. VaBartenders vaiudza vatenzi kuti "vataure zviri nyore" apo vakarayira kuti varege kunzwa.

Speakeasies yaiwanzovhiringidzwa zvivako kana kuti yaiva shure kana pasi pemabhizimisi epamutemo. Uori hwakanga hwakapararira nenguva uye kuparadza kwaiwanzoitika. Vagari vaizoputidzira mapurisa kuti varege kuchengetedza bhizinesi ravo kana kuvapa chiziviso chekuti kuparadza kwakarongwa.

Kunyange zvazvo "speakeasy" yaiwanzobhadharwa nehutachiona hwakarongeka uye inogona kuva yakanyanyisa uye yakasimudza, "iyo yenguruve yebofu" yakanga iri kutsika kune munhu asingadi kunwa.

The Mob, Gangsters, uye Crime

Zvichida chimwe chezvinyanya kuzivikanwa panguva iyoyo ndechokuti boka revanhu rakabata kutonga kwehuwandu hwekutengeserana kwepamutemo kwezvinodhaka. Kune chikamu chikuru, izvi hazvina maturo. Zvisinei, munzvimbo dzakanyanyisa, zvikwata zvakamhanya chikwata chinodhaka uye Chicago yaiva imwe yemaguta anozivikanwa zvikuru.

Pakutanga Kwekudzivisa, "Chipfeko" chakarongedza zvose zvekuChicago gang gangs. Vakaparadzanisa guta nemasango munzvimbo dzaizotungamirirwa nezvikwata zvakasiyana-siyana. Mumwe nomumwe aizobata zvinotengeswa zvinodhaka mukati memunharaunda yavo.

Pasi pedhi mabhizha uye distilleries zvakanga zvakavanzwa muguta rose. Bheri raigona kubudiswa nyore nyore uye rakaparidzirwa kuti riwane zvinodiwa zveguta racho. Nokuti zvinwiwa zvakawanda zvinoda kukwegura , izvo zvichitsvaga kuChicago Heights uye paTylor neChikoro Migwagwa hazvigoni kubudisa zvakaringana saka vazhinji vemweya vakadzingwa kubva kuCanada. Kupararira kweChicago kwekukurumidza kwakasvika kuMilwaukee, Kentucky, uye Iowa.

Chipfeko chaizotengesa zvinodhaka kune zvikwata zviduku pamatengo akawanda. Kunyange zvazvo zvibvumirano zvairehwa kuiswa mumabwe, uori hwakanga hwakapararira. Pasina kodzero yekugadzirisa kusawirirana mumatare, kazhinji vaitora zvechisimba mukudzorera. Mushure mokunge Al Capone achifunga kutonga kweChipfeko muna 1925, imwe yehondo dzinopisa zvikuru dzehondo dzevanhu munhau dzakatevera.

Kunyange zvazvo Chibvumirano chakanga chiri chinangwa chokuderedza kunwa kwedoro kunyanya, zvakaguma kuwedzerwa kushandiswa kwedoro rakaoma. Kubata kunoda nzvimbo yakawanda pakugadzirwa uye kuparadzirwa kudarika doro, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuvanza. Izvi zvinomuka mumhepo yakasvibiswa kushandiswa kwenguva iyo yakaita chikamu chikuru mu martini uye tsika yakasanganiswa yekudhakwa yatinoziva nayo uye "fashoni" yatinosangana nayo nenguva.

Sei Kurambidzwa Kunowanikwa?

Ichokwadi, pasinei nevanorambidza kuparidzira, ndeyekuti Chibvumirano chakanga chisingatombozivikanwi nevanhu veAmerica. Vanhu veAmerica vanofarira kunwa uye kwaive kune kunyange kuwedzera kwenhamba yevakadzi vanonwa panguva ino. Izvi zvakabatsira kushandura pfungwa yakawanda yezvinorehwa kuva "kuremekedzwa" (izwi rinorega kudzivirira rinowanzoshandiswa kureva kune vasiri vanonwa).

Kurambidzwa kwaivawo nguva yekutonga mune zvekugadziriswa. Kwakange kusina kukwana mitemo yekuchengetedza mitemo yekudzivirira zvose zvisiri izvo zvisiri pamutemo uye vazhinji vevakuru vakuru vacho vakanga vaine uori.

Dzorera Pakupedzisira!

Chimwe chezviito zvokutanga zvakatorwa neRoosevelt kutungamira kwaiva kukurudzira kuchinja (uyezve kubvisa) 18th Amendment. Yakanga iri nzira mbiri; yekutanga yaiva yeBeri Revenue Act. Izvi zvakanyoreswa doro uye waini newaini yakagadzikana kusvikira pa 3.2 muzana doro nehuwandu muna April muna 1933.

Danho rechipiri nderokupfuura Chirongwa cheChipiri cheMutemo. Nemashoko okuti "Chigumi nemasere chiitiko chekugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States iri kubviswa", veAmerica vaigona zvakare kunwa zvepamutemo.

Musi waDecember 5, 1933, Chibvumirano chepasi rose chakanga chapera. Zuva iri rinoenderera mberi kupemberera nhasi uye vazhinji veAmerica vanoratidzira mune rusununguko rwavo rwekumwa pazuva reReal Day.

Mitemo mitsva yakasara nyaya yekudzivisa hurumende dzehurumende. Mississippi ndiyo yaiva yekupedzisira yekuipedza muna 1966. Zvose zvehurumende dzakapa chisarudzo chekurambidza doro kana kwete kumunharaunda.

Nhasi, matare mazhinji nemataundi munyika ino anoramba akaoma. Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Texas, neVirginia vane nhamba dzakawanda dzakaoma. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvinotenderwa kutakura doro kuburikidza nehurumende.

Sechikamu chekubviswa kweChirambidzo, hurumende yehurumende yakagadza mitemo yakawanda yekutonga pamabhizimisi ezvinodhaka izvo zvichiri kushanda.