Kufanana nehutspot inonzi yakakurumbira, zvokudya zvemazuva ano zveNetherlands ndezvokuti hodgepodge yevanhu vemunharaunda uye yekunze kune dzimwe nyika, imwe yekufungisisa kwekupedzisira pamusoro pekusiyana kwemarudzi uye vamwe vachidzokera kumashure emakumi emakore.
Matambudziko Akatanga Kuitika
Chinyanyozivikaniswa pamusoro pevagari vekare vekuNetherlands , asi simba ravo pamusoro pekudya kwechiDutch rinogona kutsungirira kusvikira nhasi sechikafu chechingwa chakafanana ne duivekater ; zvingwa zvakagadzirwa nemakeki zvakadai sekrakelingen ; uye zvinowanzoitwa neDutch Easter , zvishongedzo nemhemberero, mhedzisiro iyo inogona kutevedzerwa kumashure ekupira zvibayiro nezvibayiro zvezvitendero zvekare zvekare.
Izvozvo zvinoshandiswa neRoma zvakagadziriswa zvakanzwika kwenguva refu mushure mekuderera kweHumambo hweRoma: kunakidzwa kwekunaka kwakanaka uye kunonaka kunoratidzira muRoma kugadzira kuburikidza nekushandisa zvinonhuwira zvakadai sepisera nemuchena mutsvuku, miriwo uye mvura yemunyu liquamen kana garum (yakafanana Vietnamese nuoc mam ).
Iko kushambadzira kwekutanga kweAsia zvinonhuwira zvakagadzirisa mhirizhonga yePalate yeDutch. Merchandise yaitakurwa nenyika kuburikidza neAsia kusvika kumahombekombe eLevantine eMediterranean kune dzimwe ngarava dzeVenetian dzakaenda nayo kuItaly. Kubvira ipapo yaitengeserana kuchamhembe pedyo nenzizi uye migwagwa yemugwagwa, uye yakatsinhanisa pamitambo yeFrance yemidziyo yeNorthern Europe, yakadai semucheka wemvere uye matanda.
Zvinonhuwira zvakatengeswa zvaisanganisira zvose izvo zvinozivikanwa uye zvinonakidzwa kare, zvakadai sepiresi, ginger, cardamom uye safironi, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvezvinodiwa, zvakadai sesinamoni, nutmeg, mace, cloves ne galangal. Izvozvi zvinonhuwira zvitsva zvakave zvakagadzirwa mumatare uye mavhareti, zvichida nekuda kwekukwirira kwavo kwepamusoro, izvo zvakawedzera kumamiriro emunhu uye mukurumbira.
Izvo zvinogona kutaurwa nezveimwe chigadzirwa chinobva kuMabvazuva chakawana nzira yayo kuenda kuWestern Europe kuburikidza neChristodhomu: mushuga shuga. Shuga yakanga inodhura zvikuru kupfuura uchi (zvino inotapira zvakasikwa) uye, kufanana nezvinonhuwira, zvinongowanikwa kune vanhu vakuru.
Kudzidza mapeji emakore ekumahombekombe, zvakajeka kuti dzimwe ndiro uye zvishandiso zvataizoti zvino seMediterranean kanaAsia zvakatozivikanwa nevabiki vanogadzira muDutch makamba makikani muzana remakore rechi15 nerechi16, nguva refu vasati vadya ndiro uye zvigadzirwa zvinowanzoonekwa se "chiDutch." Zvinyorwa zvekare zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvepikiti nevabiki vanoshanda mumakicheni emhuri dzeumambo dzeEurope zvakanyorwa zvikuru muzana remakore rechi14 nezana remakore rechi15, kuitira kuti mapuropiti eItaly neFrance apinde muchechi yeDutch pamavambo.
Bhuku rekutanga rokunyora rakagadzirwa muNetherlands rakabudiswa naThomas van der Noot muBrussels pasi pezita rokuti Een notabel boecxken van cokeryen ("Bhuku rinozivikanwa rekubika") munenge muna 1514. Mapoka aya anoratidza kuti chiDutch chinonzi bourgeois chikafu chakanyatsotungamirirwa neFrance, Chirungu neGermany kubika, izvo zvakabatanawo.
Edible Imports
Mazai akawanda atinoda mazuva ano aingoti agamuchirwa muzana remakore rechi16. Kare zvisati zvaitika, lentils chete, chickpeas uye nyemba dzakawanda dzaizivikanwa muEurope. Mbatata, izvo zvino zvinoonekwa sechikamu chinokosha chekubika Dutch, chakatanga kubudiswa mushure mekuwanikwa kweAmerica, uye haina kuva zvokudya zvevanhu vasati vauzana nezana remakore rechi18. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechigumi nemashanu, dzimba dzeNetherlands nedzimba dzepamusoro dzaive dzakakurumbira nekuda kwezvokuchengetedza maitiro avo, uko michero yakawanda ye vitamini-C, yakadai semamongi nemarangi, pamwe chete nemimwe michero yakawanda uye michero yakakura. Izvo zvinonzi "mazhenje" ndizvo zvaive zvigadziri zvemahombekombe emazuva ano.
Kunyange zvazvo doro raiva chairo chemunhuwo zvake, waini yakanga iriwo chikafu chinodiwa muzana remakore rechi16. Zvakawanda zvaitengeswa kubva kuFrance neGermany, asi kwaive kunewo nzvimbo dzekununura muNetherlands panguva ino. Rine neMosel wines yakafarirwa nevakuru, pamwe newaini inotapira, inozivikanwa seBastart (yakafanana naMarsala waini).
Dutch East India Company ( Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie kana VOC muDutch), yakatangwa muna 1602 uye yakabatsira pakuumba umambo hweEetherlands hwakasimba hweEast Indian muzana remakore rechi17. Neguta raro guru muguta rechiteshi reBatvia (ikozvino Jakarta, kuIndonesia) uye kutengeserana kunowanikwa muIndia, Sumatra, Borneo neJava, VOC inowanzotumidzwa kuti nyika yekutanga kune dzimwe nyika uye ndiyo yaiva yekambani yekutanga kubudisa zvinhu. Zvinyorwa zvekutengesa zvakashambadzirwa zvebhizimisi zvakasanganisira zvizhinji zvemaDhodho zvekuchengetera mabhodhi, saini, shinamoni, clove, tiyi, mupunga, kofi , nutmeg uye mace. Kunyange zvazvo dzakawanda zvezvinonhuwira zvakanga zvatodiwa muNetherlands, dzaive dzakadhura zvikuru uye dzakaramba dzikasara kusvikira boka reDutch East India rakatanga kudzorera ngarava yezvinonhuwira izvi, zvichivaisa mukati mekuswedera pedyo nevanhu vanoita chiDutch.
Dzimba dzekuDutch dzokutanga dzakatanga kuve muna 1663 muThe Hague neAmsterdam. Pakazosvika 1696, mutengo mukuru wekofi wakaita kuti VOC iwedzere ikako muJava. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi18, tei, kofi uye chokoti yakatsvaira ndiyo yakasikwa yemafashoni emusi iwoyo, kurumbidzwa nekuda kwezvainzi "mushonga wemishonga." Vaya vevakuru chete ndivo vanogona kuzvipa, zvisinei. Zvakatora nguva zvisati zvaitika zvinhu izvi zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro zvaigona kusvika kune wese.
IVOC yakagumburwa muna 1799, asi yakasiyiwa nhaka inogara nokusingaperi muChiDutch kichiti. Zvizhinji zvezvokudya zveEetherlands zvakakurumbira zvinogadzirwa nemafuta eVOC anoyevedza: masheji akaomeswa akadai semasworst, cheeses yakazara nevhave nekumini uye makanda anodiwa zvikuru munyika, kusanganisira speculaas, kruidnoten , pepernoten , jan hagel , stroopwafels uye taai-taai .
Colonial Cooking
Iine makoloni uye misha yeAfrica, Asia, North America neCaribbean, Netherlands yakambova simba rakasimba rehurumende. ISpice Islands yakaonekwa sechishongo mumutsara wayo wekoloni uye vaDutch vakagamuchira zvokudya zveIndonesia kwete mumakoloni chete, asi kumusha, zvakare. Indonesian rijsttafel (kureva kuti, "tafura yemupunga") yakanga iri chiDutch, iyo yakabatanidza tsika dzemakishikiti akasiyana-siyana emugariro wekudya kunofadza iyo yaiva, zvichida, "yekutanga kudya" mapepa maduku, pamwe chete nemupunga uye sambals zvinonhuwira. Iye zvino, maDutch anotora zvokudya zveIndonesia kuti vave vanhu vemazino uye ivo vanogona kutora vatorwa kune dzimwe nyika kune imwe nzvimbo yekudyara yeIndonesia apo vari kufara. Zvokudya zvakadai semamambo goreng, babi ketjap uye satay zvinoshandiswa muzvizhinji zvemazuva ano echiDutch, asi bamischijf (yakadzika fried snack yeanodles muchingwa chechigumbuso) uye patat sate (Dutch fries ne satay muto) ndiyo mienzaniso yakanaka yeIndo-Dutch fusion foods.
Zvichida zvinoshamisa kuti avo vaimbova maDolonia emakoloni eSuriname uye neNetherlands Antilles havana kuchinja zvikuru kuDutch kupisa zvakadaro, pasinei nechishuwo chavo chekudengenyeka kwepasi. Vamwe vanoti veSininamese neAntillean vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika vakanyatsochengetera kubika kwavo pachavo, nemugumisiro wekuti hauna kuva wakapararira zvakanyanya seIndonesian, Turkish kana Moroccan kubika.
Mazuva ano, unogona kuwana zvisingaoneki kuSuppinese sandwich shop uye toko (immigrant store) vachitengesa kuSininamese neAntillean groceries uye kudya, apo ginger doro uye miti inotanga kuvhara nzira yavo kuenda kumafiresheni emakrishefu.
Vanofadzwa neTurkey neMorocco
Vashandi vepaIndaneti neTurkey vakauya kuNetherlands muhafu yekupedzisira yezana remakore rapfuura. Sezvo vakagadzira musha usingagumi muNetherlands, vazhinji vakazarura mabhizimisi ekona neresitoro. Muzvokwadi, kuwanda kwezvokudya zveTurkey uye zveMorocco muNetherlands zvave zvakakosha zvikuru mukudzidzira maDutch nemutauro weTurkey uye Moroccan. Uye nokuti zviri nyore kutenga zvose zvinoshandiswa mune zvishomanana zvekutengeserana kune imwe kona, Hollanders vatanga kuedza ruoko rwavo mune dzimwe nzira dzokuTurkey uye dzeMorocco pamba, zvakare. Zvokudya zvakadai sechikoma, hummus uye tajines zvakabva pakuve zvisingaoneki zuva rega rega mune nyaya yemakumi emakore mashomanana. Turkish pizzas, kofte, kebabs uye pita vanozivikanwa mukudya mumugwagwa uye machinda echiDutch vari kushandisa Moroccan merguez sausages , mazuva, harissa paste , Turkish bulghur gorosi , mapomegraneti uye chingwa nenzira inonakidza itsva.
Chizvarwa cheDutch
Nyika yeNetherlands yakasarawo mushure mechiratidzo chavo mune zvekare makoroni nenzvimbo. The oliebol , iyo yakatorwa kuNyika Itsva nevakatangira vaDutch vanoenda, zvichida yakazopinda mune mari. MuSouth Africa, oliebol ndiyo inopedzisira ya koeksusters uye vetkoek . Kusiyana neshoko rokuti, " SeAmerica sepurose yeapuro," vaDutch vave vachibika ivo kubva kare USA isati yasvika, uye zvichida vakatora rudiro rwavo rweDutch doro reape pamwe navo kuNew World. Vatori vechiDutch vaiparadzirawo pango muU.SA neSouth Africa, uye vakapa iyo yekupedzisira mukaka wake unodikamwa mukaka uye soetkoekies (yakafanana nema speculaas cookies). VaDutch vaitaurawo cookie kuNorth America, uye kunyange shoko rokuti cookie rinobhadharwa nesymology yake kune rechiDutch izwi koekje .
Zvinyorwa: Zvinonhuwira uye Makomboti: Zvinyorwa Zvakagadzirwa Nezvokudya zveMedeval naJohanna Maria van Winter ( Prospect Books, 2007); Brood- en gebakvormen en hunne beteekenis mu folklore ( " Bread- uye maumbirwo ezvokudya uye zvavanoreva mumitambo ") naJH Nannings (Interbook International, 1974); Kastelenkookboek ("Castle Cookbook") naRobbie dell 'Aira (Uitgeverij Kunstmag, 2011); Koks & Keukenmeiden ("Cooks and Kitchen Maids") naJan Van Dam naJ. Witteveen (Nijgh & Van Ditmar, 1996); Die Geskiedenis van Boerekos ("History of the Boer Kitchen") naHW Claassens (Protea Boekhuis, 2006).